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William Playfair
William Playfair (22 September 1759 – 11 February 1823) was a Scottish engineer and political economist, the founder of graphical methods of statistics.〔Paul J. FitzPatrick (1960). "Leading British Statisticians of the Nineteenth Century". In: ''Journal of the American Statistical Association'', Vol. 55, No. 289 (Mar. 1960), pp. 38–70.〕
William Playfair invented three types of diagrams: in 1786 the line graph and bar chart of economic data, and in 1801 the pie chart and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations.〔Michael Friendly (2008). ("Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization" ). pp 13–14. Retrieved 7 July 2008.〕
==Biography==
Playfair was born in 1759 in Scotland during the Enlightenment, a Golden Age in the arts, sciences, industry and commerce. He was the fourth son of the reverend James Playfair of the parish of Liff & Benvie near the city of Dundee in Scotland; his notable brothers were architect James Playfair and mathematician John Playfair. His father died in 1772 when William was 13, leaving the eldest brother John to care for the family and his education. After his apprenticeship with Andrew Meikle, the inventor of the threshing machine, Playfair became draftsman and personal assistant to James Watt at the Boulton and Watt steam engine manufactory in Soho, Birmingham.〔Ian Spence and Howard Wainer (1997). "(Who Was Playfair? )". In: ''Chance'' 10, p. 35–37.〕
Playfair had a variety of careers. He was in turn a millwright, engineer, draftsman, accountant, inventor, silversmith, merchant, investment broker, economist, statistician, pamphleteer, translator, publicist, land speculator, convict, banker, ardent royalist, editor, blackmailer and journalist. On leaving Watt's company in 1782, he set up a silversmithing business and shop in London, which failed. In 1787 he moved to Paris, taking part in the storming of the Bastille two years later. He returned to London in 1793, where he opened a "security bank", which also failed. From 1775 he worked as a writer and pamphleteer and did some engineering work.〔
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